INTRODUCTION
Using this Design Guide
A Shaft Seal Primer
SELECTING
THE LIP MATERIAL
BACK
TO BASICS
Atoms
Molecules
Polymers
Additives
Vulcanization
Visco-Elasticity
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
Hardness
Tensile Strength
Modulus
Elongation
Tear Resistance
Abrasion Resistance
Compression Set
Resilience
Flexibility
Adhesion
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
Compatibility
Volume Change
Environmental Factors
Chemical Compatibility
Guide
THERMAL
PROPERTIES
High Temperature Effects
Low Temperature Effects
Differential Thermal Expansion
MATERIAL
PROFILES
Nitrile
Hydrogenated Nitrile
Fluoroelastomer
Polyacrylate
Silicone
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Material
Properties Summary
Effect
of Polymer Type Upon Seal Life
UNDERSTANDING
ASTM D 2000/
SAE J200
ANATOMY
OF A TEST REPORT
BATCH
TESTING
Viscometers
Rheometers
Rubber Process Analyzers
Determining Cure Times
AGING & SHELF
LIFE
Temperature
Humidity
Light
Oxygen & Ozone
Deformation
Shelf Life
Storage
DESIGNING
THE SEAL
ANATOMY
OF A SHAFT SEAL
The Sealing Lip
The Spring
A Secondary Lip
The Case
STANDARD
DESIGNS
S-Lip Designs
T-Lip Designs
V-Lip Designs
K-Lip Designs
NON-STANDARD
DESIGNS
Double-Lip Seals
Hydrodynamic Seals
Flange Seals
Unitized (Cassette)
Seals
Triple Lip (Mud) Seals
Rotating Bore Seals
High Eccentricity
Seals
PTFE Seals
Axial Dirt Lip Seals
High Pressure Seals
Linear (Reciprocating)
Seals
OTHER
SEALING OPTIONS
V-Rings
Axial Face Seals
Bore Plugs
THE
SHAFT
Material
Surface Finish Specifications
Surface Finishing Methods
Hardness
Diameter
Chamfer
Tolerances
Motion
Eccentricity
THE
BORE
Material
Surface Finish
Chamfer
Type
Diameter Tolerances
HOW
A SHAFT SEAL WORKS
Radial Force
Microasperities
Meniscus
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MANUFACTURING
& QUALITY ASSURANCE
HOW
A SHAFT SEAL IS MADE
Preparation
Molding
Finishing
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
Material Analysis & Verification
Video Imaging
Radial Lip Force
Testing
Endurance Testing
POSSIBLE
MANUFACTURING DEFECTS
Blisters
Cuts
Damaged Mold
Deformation
Dirty Mold
Flash
Improper Trim
Knit Lines
Material Contamination
Nicks
Non-Fills
Poor Bond
Porosity
Rough Trim
Scoop Trim
Scratches
Spiral Trim
Surface Contamination
Tears
Unbonded Flash
Summary
of Manufacturing Defects
INSTALLATION & PERFORMANCE
INSTALLATION
Pre-Installation Inspections
Use of Installation Equipment
Post-Installation Care
Seal
Installation Checklist
EFFECTS
OF ENVIRONMENT
ON PERFORMANCE
Fluids
Temperature
Speed
Pressure
Lubrication
Excluding Contaminants
SAMPLE
APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRIAL
Gearbox Seals
Hydraulic Pump & Motor
Seals
Reciprocating (Wiper)
Seals
Washing Machine Seals
AUTOMOTIVE
Diesel Engine Seals
Gasoline Engine Seals
Valve Stem Seals
Transmission Seals
Wheel (Axle) Seals
Off-Highway Mud, Dirt,
& Water Wheel Seals
Heavy-Duty Pinion Seals
Power Steering Seals
Shock Absorber Seals
Air Conditioning Seals
TROUBLESHOOTING
Failure Analysis
RMA Checklists
COMMON
CAUSES
Backward Installation
Blisters
Broken Lip
Cocked Seal
Corroded Spring
Cracked or Hardened Lip
Cut Lip
Damaged Case (Improper
Bore Finish)
Damaged Case (Poor Bore
Chamfer)
Damaged Case (Poor Handling)
Excessive Lip Wear
Excessive Material Swell
Excessive STBM or Run-out
Excessive Shaft Wear
Inverted Lip
Material/Fluid Incompatibility
Missing Spring
Oil Coking
Paint Contamination
Scratched or Nicked Shaft
Sealant Contamination
Shaft Lead
Stick-Slip
ORDERING
INFORMATION
Part Numbers & Descriptions
Shaft
Seal Engineering Information
REFERENCE
Glossary
Abbreviations
Temperature
Scales
English
to Metric Conversion
Metric
to English Conversion
Index
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