Index

Index.

QUICK SEARCH: A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z

Abrasion Resistance
  Figure 23: Rotating Drum - NBS Abrader
  Figure 24: Rotating Platform - Pico Abrader
  Figure 25: Rotating Samples -Taber Abrader
  Glossary: Abrasion
  Glossary: Abrasion Resistance

Additives
Glossary: Additive

Adhesion
  Figure 30: Testing of a Rubber-To-Metal Bond
  Glossary: Adhere
  Glossary: Adhesion
  Glossary: Adhesive

AGING & SHELF LIFE
    Figure 47: Storage
  Deformation
    Glossary: Deformation
  Humidity
  Light
  Oxygen
  Ozone
  Shelf Life
    Table 18: Shelf Life of Common Elastomers
  Temperature

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Selecting Material: Understanding ASTM D 2000/SAE J200

Amorphous
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Polymers
Figure 13: Amorphous - Random, Non-Symmetrical Chains

ANATOMY OF A SHAFT SEAL
    Figure 48: Shaft Seal Features for Rubber O.D. Seal
    Figure 49: Shaft Seal Features for Metal O.D. Seal
  Case
    Figure 51: L-Cup Case (Case Configurations)
    Figure 52: Inner Cup (Case Configurations)
    Figure 53: Stepped Case (Case Configurations)
    Figure 54: Reverse Channel Case (Case Configurations)
    Figure 55: Shotgun Case (Case Configurations)
    Figure 56: Metal O.D. Seal Coated with Adhesive
    Figure 57: Metal O.D. Seal Coated with Bore Sealant
    Figure 58: Metal O.D. Seal with Precision Ground Finish
    Figure 59: Flat Rubber Coating on the Seal O.D.
    Figure 60: Flat Rubber O.D. Contact Pressure
    Figure 61: Ribbed Rubber Coating on the Seal O.D.
    Figure 62: Ribbed Rubber O.D. Contact Pressure
    Figure 63: Seal Unseating Due to Shearing Stresses
    Figure 64: Metal O.D. with Beaded Rubber Heel
    Figure 65: Metal O.D. with Rubber Nose
    Figure 66: Radial Wall Dimension
    Glossary: Case
    Table 24: Seal Width Tolerances
    Table 25: O.D. Specifications for Metal O.D. Seals
    Table 26: O.D. Specifications for Rubber O.D. Seals
    Table 27: Maximum Radial Wall Variation Values
  Lip (Sealing)
  Lip (Secondary)
    Glossary: Secondary Lip
  Spring
    Figure 50: Spring Dimensions
    Glossary: Garter Spring
    Table 19: Loss of Radial Load Due to Chemical Exposure
    Table 20: Wire Diameter Tolerances
    Table 21: Assembled Inner Diameter (AID) Tolerances
    Table 22: Spring Load vs. Deflection
    Table 23: Primary Lip I.D. Tolerances

Aniline Point
Selecting Material: Anatomy of a Test Report

Anti-Degradants
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Additives

ASTM D 2000/SAE J200, Understanding

Atoms
Figure 10: Subatomic Particles (Carbon Atom)

Atomic Weight
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Atoms

AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS
  Air Conditioning Seals
    Figures 228 & 229: Air Conditioning Seals
  Diesel Engine Seals
    Figure 200: Diesel Engine Rear Crankshaft Application
    Figure 201: PTFE Wafers in Steel Case
    Figure 202: PTFE Lip with Dual Coined Spiral Pattern
  Gasoline Engine Seals
    Figure 203: Half-Rubber, Half-Metal O.D.
  Off-Highway Mud, Dirt, & Water Wheel Seals
    Figure 219: Off-Highway Wheel Application
    Figure 220: Rubber I.D. & O.D. Excluder Seal
  Pinion Seals (Heavy-Duty)
    Figure 221: Heavy Duty Pinion Seal Application
    Figure 222: Dual Radial Dirt Lips (Pinion Seals)
    Figure 223: Unitized Seal (Pinion Seals)
    Figure 224: Rubber I.D. (Pinion Seals)
  Power Steering Seals
    Figure 225: Typical Designs (Power Steering Seals)
  Shock Absorber Seals
    Figure 226: All Rubber Seal (Shock Absorber Seals)
    Figure 227: Seal & Check Valve (Shock Absorber Seals)
  Transmission Seals
    Figures 206 & 207: Input Seals
    Figures 208 & 209: Output Seals
  Valve Stem Seals
    Figure 204: Valve Stem Seal Lip Radius Meters Lubrication
    Figure 205: Valve Stem Seal in Assembly
  Wheel (Axle) Seals
    Figure 210: Wheel Seal Application

Axial Dirt Lip Seals
Figures 90 & 91: Axial Dirt Lip Seals
Glossary: Axial Dirt Lip

Axial Face Seals
Figures 106 & 107: Axial Face Seal Designs
Figures 108 & 109: Axial Face Seal Installation

Backward Installation
Figure 230: Immediate Leakage from Backward Installation

BATCH TESTING
  Determining Cure Times
    Figure 46: Multiple cavity mold in use.
    Table 17: ODR-Plotted Cure Curve
  Tools
    Viscometers
      Glossary: Viscometer
    Rheometers
      Figure 45: Moving Die Rheometer (MDR)
      Glossary: Rheometer
    Rubber Process Analyzers

Bi-Directional Seals
  Designing: Non-Standard Designs: Hydrodynamic Seals
    Figure 71: Bi-directional Ribs
    Figure 72: Bi-directional Triangular Pads
    Glossary: Bi-directional Seal

Blisters (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 155: Blisters or Enclosed Protrusions
Glossary: Blister

Blisters (Usage Defect)
Figure 231: Blisters Cause Lip to Lift Off Shaft
Glossary: Blister

Bonds (Atomic)
  Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Molecules
    Figure 11: A Single Inorganic Compound
    Table 1: Atomic Elements Most Commonly Used

BORE
    Glossary: Bore
  Chamfer
    Figure 137: Pilot Gaps in Installation Chamfers
    Figure 138: Bore Chamfer Guidelines for Angle & Depth
    Glossary: Chamfer
    Table 46: ISO/RMA Bore Recommendations
  Counter
    Designing the Seal: The Bore: Type
      Figure 141: Nose Gasket in Counter-bore
      Glossary: Counter-bore
  Diameter Tolerances
    Table 47: Bore I.D. Tolerances
  Material
    Figure 136: Results of Differential Thermal Expansion
    Table 45: Coefficients of Thermal Expansion
  Straight
    Designing: The Bore: Type
      Figures 139 & 140: Straight Bores
  Surface Finish
    Glossary: Surface Finish
  Type
    Counter Seal (See above)
    Straight Seal (See above)

Bore Plugs
Figure 110: Standard Style Bore Plug

Brittleness
Selecting Material: Anatomy of a Test Report

Brittleness Point
Selecting Material: Thermal Properties: Low Temp Effects

Broken Lip (Usage Defect)
Figure 232: Lip Fracture Caused by Low Temperatures

Carbon
  Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Atoms
    Figure 10: Subatomic Particles (Carbon Atom)
  Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Molecules
    Table 1: Atomic Elements Most Commonly Used

Carboxylated Nitrile
Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Nitrile (Buna N)

Cases (Shaft Seal)
  Figure 51: L-Cup Case (Case Configurations)
  Figure 52: Inner Cup (Case Configurations)
  Figure 53: Stepped Case (Case Configurations)
  Figure 54: Reverse Channel Case (Case Configurations)
  Figure 55: Shotgun Case (Case Configurations)
  Figure 56: Metal O.D. Seal Coated with Adhesive
  Figure 57: Metal O.D. Seal Coated with Bore Sealant
  Figure 58: Metal O.D. Seal with Precision Ground Finish
  Figure 59: Flat Rubber Coating on the Seal O.D.
  Figure 60: Flat Rubber O.D. Contact Pressure
  Figure 61: Ribbed Rubber Coating on The Seal O.D.
  Figure 62: Ribbed Rubber O.D. Contact Pressure
  Figure 63: Seal Unseating Due to Shearing Stresses
  Figure 64: Metal O.D. with Beaded Rubber Heel
  Figure 65: Metal O.D. with Rubber Nose
  Figure 66: Radial Wall Dimension
  Glossary: Case
  Glossary: Shaft Seal
  Table 24: Seal Width Tolerances
  Table 25: O.D. Specifications for Metal O.D. Seals
  Table 26: O.D. Specifications for Rubber O.D. Seals
  Table 27: Maximum Radial Wall Variation Values

Chamfer (Bore)
  Figure 137: Pilot Gaps in Installation Chamfers
  Figure 138: Bore Chamfer Guidelines for Angle & Depth
  Glossary: Bore
  Glossary: Chamfer
  Table 46: ISO/RMA Bore Recommendations

Chamfer (Shaft)
  Figure 130: Recommended Shaft Chamfer Dimensions
  Glossary: Chamfer
  Glossary: Shaft

Chemical Compatibility Guide
Table 3: Chemical Compatibility Guide

Class (Material)
  Selecting Material: Understanding ASTM D 2000/SAE J200
    Glossary: Case
    Table 12: Basic Requirements for Establishing Class

Clearance Gap
Introduction: A Shaft Seal Primer
Glossary: Clearance Gap

Cocked Seal (Usage Defect)
Figure 233: Angular Misalignment or Cocked Seal
Glossary: Cocking

Coking, Oil (Usage Defect) (See Oil Coking (Usage Defect))

Compatibility

Composite Seals
Introduction: A Shaft Seal Primer
Figure 7: Composite Seal (Evolution)

Compounds
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Molecules
Figure 11: A Simple Inorganic Compound (Water Molecule)

Compression Molding
Manufacturing: How a Shaft Seal Is Made: Molding

Compression Set
  Figure 26: Test Method A - Constant Force
  Figure 27: Test Method B - Constant Deflection
  Glossary: Compression Set
  Table 2: Compression Set in Increasing Temperatures

Contaminants (Excluding)
  Figure 188: Radial Dirt Lip (Dirt Lips)
  Figure 189: Axial Dirt Lip (Dirt Lips)
  Table 65: Comparison of Secondary Lips
  Table 66: Contamination Classification

Contamination (Paint)
Figure 293: Paint Contamination Blocks Proper Lip Function

Contamination (Sealant)
Figure 250: Sealant Contamination

CONVERSION FACTORS
  Centigrade - Fahrenheit (Table A)
  English to Metric (Table 75)
  Metric to English (Table 76)

Corroded Spring (Usage Defect)
Figure 234: Corroded Spring Causes Loss of Tension
Glossary: Garter Spring

Counter-bore
  Designing the Seal: The Bore: Type
    Figure 141: Nose Gasket in Counter-bore
    Glossary: Counter-bore

Cracked or Hardened Lip (Usage Defect)
Figure 235: Cracks, Large & Small - Cracked/Hardened Lip
Glossary: Crack

Cure (See Vulcanization (Cure))

Cure Activators & Accelerators
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Additives

Cure Curve
Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Rheometers
Table 17: ODR-Plotted Cure Curve

Cure Time (Optimum)
Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Determining Cure Times

Cut Lip (Usage Defect)
Figure 236: Cut Lip May Have One or More Distinct Cuts
Glossary: Cut

Cuts (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 156: Slice-Like Openings or Cuts
Glossary: Cut

Cycle Time
Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Determining Cure Times

Damaged Case (Improper Bore Finish)
  Figure 237: Scored O.D. from Improper Bore Finish
  Glossary: Bore
  Glossary: Case
  Glossary: Surface Finish

Damaged Case (Poor Bore Chamfer)
  Figure 238: Metal O.D. Deformation from Damaged Case
  Glossary: Bore
  Glossary: Case
  Glossary: Chamfer

Damaged Case (Poor Handling)
Figure 239: Dented Case Prevents Proper Bore Contact
Glossary: Case

Damaged Mold (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 157: Irregular Surface Protrusions From Mold

Deformation (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 158: Shape Change Due to Compression - Deformation
Glossary: Deformation

Deformation (Storage)
Glossary: Deformation

DESIGNS (NON-STANDARD)
  Axial Dirt Lip Seals
    Figures 90 & 91: Axial Dirt Lip Seals
    Glossary: Axial Dirt Lip
  Double Lip Seals
    Figures 67 & 68: Double Lips
    Glossary: Double Lip
  Flange Seals
    Figures 75-77: Flange Seals
  High Eccentricity Seals
    Figure 85: Convoluted Lip of High Eccentricity Seal
    Glossary: Eccentricity
  High Pressure Seals
    Figure 92: Pressure-Induced Lip Distortion
    Figure 93: TCV Design (High Pressure Seals)
    Figure 94: TCN Design (High Pressure Seals)
    Figure 95: SAV Design (High Pressure Seals)
    Figure 96: EP2 Design (High Pressure Seals)
    Figure 97: HP1 Design (High Pressure Seals)
  Hydrodynamic Seals
    Figure 69: Uni-directional Helix Seal
    Figure 70: Uni-directional Spiral Seal
    Figure 71: Bi-directional Ribs
    Figure 72: Bi-directional Triangular Pads
    Figure 73: Non-Centering Plastic Shaft
    Figure 74: Self-Centering Plastic Shaft
    Glossary: Hydrodynamic Seal
    Table 32: Pump Rates for Hydrodynamic Seals
    Table 33: Lip Contact Patterns
  Linear (Reciprocating) Seals
    Figures 98 & 99: Linear (Reciprocating) Seals
    Glossary: Reciprocating Seal
  PTFE Shaft Seals
    Abbreviation: PTFE
    Figure 86: EPT Seal (PTFE Shaft Seals)
    Figure 87: EHX Seal (PTFE Shaft Seals)
    Figure 88: Bonded & Unitized (PTFE Shaft Seals)
    Figure 89: Coined Spiral Groove on Sealing Lip
  Rotating Bore Seals
    Figures 83 & 84: Rotating Bore Seals
    Glossary: Bore
  Triple Lip (Mud) Seals
    Figures 81 & 82: Triple Lip Seals
  Unitized (Cassette) Seals
    Figures 78-80: Unitized Seals
    Glossary: Unitized Seal

Designs (Standard) (See Standard Designs)

Diameter (Bore I.D. Tolerances)
  Glossary: Bore
  Glossary: I.D.
  Table 47: Bore I.D. Tolerances

Diameter (Shaft)
  Glossary: Shaft Diameter
  Table 36: Seal Torque vs. Shaft Diameter
  Table 37: Seal Power Consumption vs. Shaft Diameter
  Table 38: Underlip Temperature vs. Shaft Diameter
  Table 39: Seal Pump Rate vs. Shaft Diameter
  Table 40: Seal Life vs. Shaft Diameter

Diesel Engine Seals
  Figure 200: (Diesel Engine Rear Crankshaft Application)
  Figure 201: PTFE Wafer in Steel Case
  Figure 202: PTFE Lip with Dual Coined Spiral Pattern

Differential Thermal Expansion (DTE)
    Glossary: Differential Thermal Expansion
  Selecting Material:Thermal Properties: DTE
    Figure 34: Development of a Leak Path (DTE)
  Designing: The Bore: Material
    Figure 136: Development of a Leak Path (DTE)

Dirt Lips
  Performance: Environment: Excluding Contaminants
    Figure 188: Radial Dirt Lip (Dirt Lips)
    Figure 189: Axial Dirt Lip (Dirt Lips)
    Glossary: Dirt Lip

Dirty Mold (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 159: Surface Imperfections From Dirty Mold

Double Bonds
Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Nitrile (Buna N)
Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Hydrogenated Nitrile

Double Lip Seals
Figures 67 & 68: Metal & Rubber O.D. Double Lip Seals
Glossary: Double Lip

Drawn Stamping
Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finishing Methods
Figure 127: Drawn Stamping (Surface Finishes)

Durometer
  Selecting Material: Physical Properties: Hardness
    Figure 16: Hardness Testers
    Figure 17: Durometer Use
    Glossary: Durometer

Eccentricity (Shaft)
  Figure 134: Shaft-To-Bore Misalignment (STBM)
  Figure 135: Dynamic Run-Out (DRO)
  Glossary: Eccentricity
  Glossary: Shaft
  Table 43: Seal Life vs. Dynamic Run-Out
  Table 44: Maximum Total Eccentricity (STBM Plus DRO)

Elastic Phase (of an Elastomer)
  Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Visco-Elasticity
    Glossary: Elasticity
    Glossary: Elastomer

Elastomer
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Visco-Elasticity
Glossary: Elastomer

Elastomeric Compound
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Vulcanization

Electrons
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Atoms
Figure 10: Subatomic Particles (Carbon Atom)

Elongation
Glossary: Elongation

Endurance Testing
Figure 154: Variable Controlled & Gauged Endurance Tester

ENVIRONMENT (EFFECTS ON SEAL PERFORMANCE)
  Contaminants (Excluding)
    Figure 188: Radial Dirt Lip (Dirt Lips)
    Figure 189: Axial Dirt Lip (Dirt Lips)
    Table 65: Comparison of Secondary Lips
    Table 66: Contamination Classification
  Fluids
  Lubrication
    Table 61: ISO Viscosity Classification System
    Tables 62 & 63: Effect of Sump Fill Level
    Table 64: Lubricating Oil Additives
  Pressure
    Figure 187: Lip Distortion - Effects of Pressure
    Table 58: Pressure Classification
    Table 59: Maximum Pressure Limits vs. Speed
    Table 60: Seal Life vs. Operating Pressure
  Speed
    Glossary: Shaft Speed
    Table 57: Seal Life vs. Shaft Speed
  Temperature
    Table 52: Underlip Temperature vs. Shaft Speed
    Table 53: Seal Torque vs. Shaft Speed
    Table 54: Seal Power Consumption vs. Shaft Speed
    Table 55: Seal Pump Rate vs. Shaft Speed
    Table 56: Seal Life vs. Sump Temperature

Environmental Factors
Figure 32: Impaired Sealing Due to Lip Cracking

Evolution (of Shaft Seals)
  Introduction: A Shaft Seal Primer
    Figure 1: Rope Packing (Evolution)
    Figure 2: Assembled Leather Seal (Evolution)
    Figure 3: Assembled Rubber Seal (Evolution)
    Figure 4: Bonded Seal (Evolution)
    Figure 5: Reduced Bonding Area Seal (Evolution)
    Figure 6: Unitized Seal (Evolution)
    Figure 7: Composite Seal (Evolution)
    Figure 8: Value-Added Seal (Evolution)
    Glossary: Shaft Seal

Excessive Lip Wear (Usage Defect)
Figure 240: Hastens Seal Failure (Excessive Lip Wear)

Excessive Material Swell (Usage Defect)
Figure 241: Indicator of Lip-Fluid Incompatibility

Excessive STBM or Run-Out (Usage Defect)
  Figure 242: High-Low Lip Wear From Excessive STBM
  Glossary: Run-Out (Shaft)
  Glossary: Shaft-To-Bore Misalignment (STBM)

Excessive Shaft Wear (Usage Defect)
Figure 243: Excessive Shaft Wear Due to Contamination
Glossary: Shaft

Face (Axial) Seals (See Axial Face Seals)

Flexibility
Figure 29: Bending Tests for Flexibility

FAILURE
  Troubleshooting: Failure Analysis
    RMA Analysis Forms
      Table 68: RMA Checklist - Seal in Place (Step 1)
      Table 69: RMA Checklist - Seal Removed (Step 2)
      Table 70: RMA Checklist - Seal Removed (Step 3)
      Table 71: RMA Short Form
  Troubleshooting: Common Causes
    Due to Backward Installation
      Figure 230: Leakage from Backward Installation
    Due to Blisters
      Figure 231: Blisters Cause Lip to Lift Up
      Glossary: Blister
    Due to Broken Lip
      Figure 232: Fracture Caused by Low Temperatures
    Due to Cocked Seal
      Figure 233: Angular Misalignment
      Glossary: Cocking
    Due to Corroded Spring
      Figure 234: Corroded Spring Causes Loss of Tension
      Glossary: Garter Spring
    Due to Cracked/Hardened Lip
      Figure 235: Cracks, Large & Small - Cracked/Hardened Lip
      Glossary: Crack
    Due to Cut Lip
      Figure 236: Cut Lip May Have One or More Distinct Cuts
      Glossary: Cut
    Due to Damaged Case (Improper Bore Finish)
      Figure 237: Scored O.D. from Improper Bore Finish
      Glossary: Bore
      Glossary: Case
      Glossary: Surface Finish
    Due to Damaged Case (Poor Bore Chamfer)
      Figure 238: Metal O.D. Deformation from Damaged Case
      Glossary: Chamfer
    Due to Damaged Case (Poor Handling)
      Figure 239: Dented Case Prevents Proper Bore Contact
    Due to Excessive Lip Wear
      Figure 240: Excessive Lip Wear Hastens Seal Failure
    Due to Excessive Material Swell
      Figure 241: Indicator of Lip-Fluid Incompatibility
    Due to Excessive STBM or Run-Out
      Figure 242: High-Low Lip Wear from Excessive STBM
      Glossary: Run-Out
      Glossary: Shaft-To-Bore Misalignment (STBM)
    Due to Excessive Shaft Wear
      Figure 243: Excessive Shaft Wear Due to Contamination
      Glossary: Shaft
    Due to Inverted Lip
      Figure 244: Inverted Lip Can Easily Occur At Installation
      Glossary: Inversion
    Due to Material/Fluid Incompatibility
      Figure 245: Material Degradation Due to Chain Scission
    Due to Missing Spring
      Figure 246: Missing Spring Contributes to Leak Path
    Due to Oil Coking
      Figure 247: Oil Coking Blocks the Lip's Pumping Ability
      Glossary: Oil Coking
    Due to Paint Contamination
      Figure 248: Paint Contamination Blocks Proper Lip Function
    Due to Scratched or Nicked Shaft
      Figure 249: Scratched/Nicked Shaft
      Glossary: Scratch
    Due to Sealant Contamination
      Figure 250: Sealant Contamination
    Due to Shaft Lead
      Figure 251: Shaft Lead Can Contribute to Leakage
      Glossary: Machine Lead
    Due to Stick-Slip
      Figure 252: Alternating Adhesion & Slipperiness
      Glossary: Stick-Slip

Fillers
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Additives
Glossary: Additive

FINISHING METHODS (SHAFT SURFACES)
    Glossary: Surface Finish
  Drawn Stamping (Figure 127)
  Glass Bead Blasting (Figure 119)
  Grit Blasting (Figure 125)
  Honing (Figure 117)
  Machine Lapping (Figure 124)
  Machine Turning (Figure 118)
  Metal Peening (Figure 120)
  Paper Polishing (Figure 116)
  Plunge Grinding (Figure 128)
    Glossary: Plunge Grinding
  Roller Burnishing (Figure 122)
  Sintering (Figure 126)
  Stone Tumbling (Figure 121)
  Through Feed Centerless Grinding (Figure 123)

Flange Seals
Figures 75-77: Flange Seals

Flash (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 160: Excess Rubber or Flash
Glossary: Flash

Flash, Unbonded (Manufacturing Defect)
(See Unbonded Flash (Manufacturing Defect))

Fluids (Effect on Seal Performance)

FLUOROELASTOMER
    Figure 37: Molecular Structure of Fluoroelastomer (Type A)
    Table 6: Heat Resistance of FKM
    Table 7: Comparison of Standard Fluoroelastomers
    Table 8: Comparison of Low-Temperature & Fuel Swell
  Viton A
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton B
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton F
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton GF
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton GFLT
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton GLT
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer

Followability
Selecting Material: Physical Properties: Flexibility
Glossary: Followability

FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) Spectrometry
  Manufacturing: Quality Assurance: Material Analysis
    Figure 150: FTIR - Material Analysis Device
    Table 48: FTIR Spectrum Graph

Fuel Resistance
Selecting Material: Anatomy of a Test Report

Garter Springs
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Spring
    Figure 50: Spring Dimensions
    Glossary: Garter Spring
    Table 19: Loss of Radial Load Due to Chemical Exposure
    Table 20: Wire Diameter Tolerance
    Table 21: Assembled Inner Diameter (AID) Tolerances
    Table 22: Spring Load vs. Deflection

Gasoline Engine Seals
Figure 203: Half-Rubber, Half-Metal O.D.

Gearbox Seals
  Figure 190: Gearbox Assembly with Input & Output Seals
  Figure 191: Input Seal (Gearbox Seals)
  Figure 192: Output Seal (Gearbox Seals)
  Figure 193: Output Seal (Gearbox Seals)

Glossary

Hardened Lip (Usage Defect)
(See Cracked or Hardened Lip (Usage Defect))

Hardness (Physical Property)
  Figure 16: Hardness Testers
  Figure 17: Durometer Use
  Figure 18: Microhardness Testers
  Glossary: Hardness

Hardness (Shaft)
Glossary: Hardness
Glossary: Shaft

Heat Resistance
Selecting Material: Anatomy of a Test Report
Glossary: Heat Resistance

Heavy-Duty Pinion Seals
  Figure 221: Heavy-Duty Pinion Seal Application
  Figure 222: Dual Radial Dirt Lip (Pinion Seals)
  Figure 223: Unitized Seal (Pinion Seals)
  Figure 224: Rubber O.D. (Pinion Seals)

Helix Seal
Designing: Non-Standard: Hydrodynamic Seals
Figure 69: Uni-directional Helix Seal

High Eccentricity Seals
Figure 85: High Eccentricity Seal with Convoluted Lip
Glossary: Eccentricity

High Pressure Seals
  Figure 92: Pressure-Induced Lip Distortion
  Figure 93: TCV Design (High Pressure Seals)
  Figure 94: TCN Design (High Pressure Seals)
  Figure 95: SAV Design (High Pressure Seals)
  Figure 96: EP2 Design (High Pressure Seals)
  Figure 97: HP1 Design (High Pressure Seals)

High Temperature Effects

Humidity (in Storage)

Hydraulic Pump & Motor Seals
Figures 194 & 195: Hydrodynamic Pump & Motor Seals

Hydrodynamic Seals
  Figure 69: Uni-directional Helix Seal
  Figure 70: Uni-directional Spiral Seal
  Figure 71: Bi-directional Ribs
  Figure 72: Bi-directional Triangular Pads
  Figure 73: Non-Centering Plastic Shaft
  Figure 74: Self-Centering Plastic Shaft
  Glossary: Hydrodynamic Seal
  Table 32: Pump Rates for Hydrodynamic Seals
  Table 33: Lip Contact Patterns

Hydrogenated Nitrile
Figure 36: Molecular Structure of Hydrogenated Nitrile

Hydrogenation
Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Hydrogenated Nitrile

Improper Trim (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 161: Incomplete Trim & Trim From Wrong Direction
Glossary: Trimming

Inhibitors
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Additives

Initial Tension (Spring)
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Spring
    Glossary: Garter Spring
    Glossary: Initial Tension

Injection Molding
Manufacturing: How a Shaft Seal Is Made: Molding

Inner Cup
Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
Figure 52: Inner Cup (Case Configurations)

Inorganic Compounds
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Molecules
Figure 11: A Simple Inorganic Compound - Water Molecule

Input Seals (Transmission Seals)
Sample Applications: Automotive: Transmission Seals
Figures 206 & 207: Input Seals

INSTALLATION
  Backward (Usage Defect)
    Figure 230: Backward Installation Causes Leakage
  Checklist (Table 51)
  Post-Installation Care
  Pre-Installation Inspections
    Figure 130: Recommended Shaft Chamfer Dimensions
    Figure 138: Bore Chamfer Guidelines For Angle & Depth
    Table 34: RMA Surface Texture Recommendations
    Table 46: ISO/RMA Bore Recommendations
  Use of Installation Equipment
    Figure 177: Grease Packing Provides Lubrication
    Figure 178: Misaligned (Cocked) Seal
    Figure 179: “TAY” Flange Seal Installed
    Figures 180-182: Installation Tools
    Figure 184: Assembly Cones
    Figure 185: Correct vs. Incorrect Installation
    Figure 186: Springback - Seal Unseating Due to...
    Table 50: Underlip Temperature vs. Shaft Speed...

Interference
Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Sealing Lip
Glossary: Interference

International Rubber Hardness Degrees (IRHD)
Selecting Material: Physical Properties: Hardness
Glossary: Hardness

Inverted Lip (Usage Defect)
Figure 244: Inverted Lip Can Easily Occur at Installation
Glossary: Inversion

K-Lip Designs
Table 31: K-Lip Designs

Knit Lines (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 162: Knit Lines - Imperfection Due to...
Glossary: Knit Line

L-Cup Case
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
    Figure 51: L-Cup Case (Case Configurations)
    Glossary: Case

Lead (Shaft)
  Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finish Specifications
    Figure 115: Shaft Lead Testing as Detailed in RMA...
    Glossary: Machine Lead
    Glossary: Shaft
    Table 35: Shaft Lead Testing Interpretations

Lead-In (Shaft)
  Designing: The Shaft: Chamfer
    Glossary: Lead-In
    Glossary: Shaft

Light (Effect On Seals)

Linear (Reciprocating) Seals
Figures 98 & 99: Linear (Reciprocating) Seals
Glossary: Reciprocating Seal

Lip Distortion
Installation & Performance: Effects of Environment: Pressure
Figure 187: Lip Distortion - Effects of Pressure...

Lip Force Testing
Figure 153: Lip Force Tester - Split Shaft Device...

Lip Inversion (Usage Defect) (See Inverted Lip (Usage Defect))

Lip (Sealing)
Figure 48: Rubber O.D. Shaft Seal Features
Figure 49: Metal O.D. Shaft Seal Features

Lip (Secondary)
    Glossary: Secondary Lip (aka Dirt Lip)
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: A Secondary Lip
  Performance: Environment: Excluding Contaminants
    Figure 188: Radial Dirt Lip
    Figure 189: Axial Dirt Lip
    Table 65: Comparison Of Secondary Lips

Low Temperature Effects
Figure 33: Low Temperature Testing

Lubrication
Table 61: ISO Viscosity Classification System

Machine Lead
  Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finish Specifications
    Figure 115: Shaft Lead Testing as Detailed in RMA...
    Glossary: Machine Lead
    Table 34: RMA Surface Texture Recommendations
    Table 35: Shaft Lead Testing Interpretations

Macromolecules
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Polymers
(See also Polymers)

Material (Bore)
  Figure 136: Development of a Leak Path from Differential...
  Glossary: Bore
  Table 45: Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

Material (Shaft)
Glossary: Shaft

Material Analysis & Verification
Figure 150: FTIR - Material Analysis Device
Table 48: FTIR Spectrum Graph

Material Contamination (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 163: Material Contamination with Unwanted Matter

Material/Fluid Incompatibility (Usage Defect)
Figure 245: Material Degradation Due to Chain Scission

Mating Surfaces
Introduction: A Shaft Seal Primer
Glossary: Mating Surfaces

Maximum Cure
Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Determining Cure Times
Glossary: Cure

Meniscus
  Figure 146: Microasperities Assist Underlip Fluid Pumping
  Figure 147: Meniscus Shifted Inward Due to Increasing...
  Glossary: Meniscus

Microasperities
    Glossary: Microasperities
  Designing: How a Shaft Seal Works: Microasperities
    Figure 144: Microasperities as Seen Through...
    Figure 145: Microasperities Forming Helices as Seen...
  Designing: How a Shaft Seal Works: Radial Force
    Figure 143 (a): Rough Lip Wear Path Due to Microasperities
    Figure 143 (b): Smooth Lip Wear Path Due to Lack of...

Missing Spring (Usage Defect)
Figure 246: Missing Spring Contributes to Leak Path...
Glossary: Garter Spring

Modulus
Glossary: Modulus

Mold Impression (Dirty Mold)
(See also Dirty Mold (Manufacturing Defect))
Glossary: Mold Impression

Molding (Methods)

Molecular Weight
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Molecules

Molecules
Figure 11: A Simple Inorganic Compound (Water Molecule)
Table 1: Atomic Elements Most Commonly Used...

Monomers
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Polymers
Figure 12: Monomer to Polymer - Effect of Polymerization

Mooney Viscometer
Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Viscometers
Glossary: Viscometer

Motion (Shaft)
  Figure 131: Shaft Seal in Rotary Application
  Figure 132: Shaft Seal in Reciprocating Application
  Figure 133: Shaft Seal in Oscillating Application
  Glossary: Shaft
  Table 42: Determining Surface Speed

Moving Die Rheometer (MDR)
  Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Rheometers
    Figure 45: Moving Die Rheometer
    Glossary: Rheometer

National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Abrader
Selecting Material: Physical Properties: Abrasion Resistance
Figure 23: NBS Abrader with Rotating Drum

Neutrons
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Atoms
Figure 10: Subatomic Particles (Carbon Atom)

Nicks (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 164: Unwanted Voids from Nicks
Glossary: Nick

NITRILE (NBR)
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Nitrile (Buna N)
      Figure 35: Molecular Structure of Nitrile
      Table 5: Relationship Between ACN Content...
  Carboxylated (XNBR)
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Nitrile (Buna N)
  Hydrogenated (HNBR)
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Hydrogenated Nitrile
      Figure 36: Molecular Structure of Hydrogenated Nitrile

Non-Fills (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 165: Unwanted Voids from Non-Fills
Glossary: Non-Fill

Nucleus
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Atoms
Figure 10: Subatomic Particles (Carbon Atom)

Numbering (Part)
Ordering Information: Part Numbers & Descriptions

Off-Highway Mud, Dirt, & Water Wheel Seals
Figure 219: Off-Highway Wheel Application
Figure 220: Extruder Seal with Rubber I.D. & O.D.

Offset (Shaft)
  Designing: The Shaft: Eccentricity
    Glossary: Offset
    Glossary: Shaft

Oil Coking (Usage Defect)
Figure 247: Oil Coking Blocks the Lip's Pumping Ability
Glossary: Oil Coking

Optimum Cure Time
Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Determining Cure Times
Glossary: Cure

Ordering
  Ordering Information: Part Numbers & Descriptions
    Figure 253: Pertinent Dimensions For Application Variables
    Table 72: O.D. Treatments
    Table 73: Lip Materials
  Ordering Information: Shaft Seal Engineering Information

Organic Compounds
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Molecules

Oscillating Disk Rheometer (ODR)
  Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Rheometers
    Glossary: Rheometer
    Table 17: ODR-Plotted Cure Curve

Oscillating Motion (Shaft)
  Designing: The Shaft: Motion
    Figure 133: Shaft Seal in Oscillating Application
    Glossary: Oscillating Shaft

Out-Of-Round Shaft
  Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finishing Methods
    Figure 129: Lobed, Out-Of-Round Shaft
    Glossary: Out-Of-Roundness (OOR)
    Glossary: Shaft

Oxygen (Effect on Seals)

Ozone (Effect on Seals)

Packings (Rope)
Introduction: A Shaft Seal Primer
Figure 1: Rope Packing (Evolution)

Passivation (Spring)
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Spring
    Glossary: Garter Spring
    Glossary: Passivation

Paint Contamination (Usage Defect)
Figure 248: Paint Contamination Blocks Proper Lip Function

Pigments
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Additives

Pilot Gap
Designing: The Bore: Chamfer
Figure 137: Pilot Gaps in Installation Chamfers

Plunge Grinding
  Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finishing Methods
    Figure 128: Plunge Grinding (Surface Finishes)
    Glossary: Plunge Grinding

Polyacrylate
Figure 38: Molecular Structure of Polyacrylate

Polymerization
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Polymers
Figure 12: Monomer to Polymer - Effect of Polymerization

Polymers
Figure 12: Monomer to Polymer - Effect of Polymerization
Figure 13: Amorphous - Random, Nonsymmetrical Chains

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Figures 40-42: Four Fluorines

Poor Bond (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 166: Inadequate Adhesion Causes Poor Bond
Glossary: Poor Bond

Porosity (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 167: Numerous Tiny Bubbles or Porosity
Glossary: Porosity

Power Steering Seals
Figure 225: Typical Designs for Power Steering Seals

Precision Ground O.D.
Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
Figure 58: Metal O.D. Seal with Precision Ground Finish

Pressure (Effect on Seals)
  Figure 187: Effects of Pressure on Standard Shaft Seal Lip
  Table 58: Pressure Classifications
  Table 59: Maximum Pressure Limits vs. Speed
  Table 60: Seal Life vs. Operating Pressure

Protons
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Atoms
Figure 10: Subatomic Particles (Carbon Atom)

PTFE Seals
    Abbreviation: PTFE
  Designing: Non-Standard Designs: PTFE Shaft Seals
    Figure 86: EPT Seal (PTFE Shaft Seals)
    Figure 87: EHX Seal (PTFE Shaft Seals)
    Figure 88: Bonded & Unitized (PTFE Shaft Seals)
  Sample Applications: Automotive: Diesel Engine Seals
    Figure 201: PTFE Wafers in Steel Case
    Figure 202: PTFE Lip with Dual Coined Spiral Pattern

Quality Assurance
Figure 149: In-House QA Department

Ra (See Roughness Average)

Radial Force
  Figure 142: Radial Force Contact Pressure Distribution Pattern
  Figure 143 (a): Rough Lip Wear Path Due to Microasperities
  Figure 143 (b): Smooth Lip Wear Path Due to Lack of...
  Glossary: Radial Load

Radial Lip Force Testing
Figure 153: Lip Force Tester - Split Shaft Device...

Radial Wall Dimension
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
    Figure 66: Radial Wall Dimension - Radial Distance...
    Glossary: Radial Wall Dimension
    Table 27: Maximum Radial Wall Variation Values

Reciprocating (Wiper) Seals
Glossary: Reciprocating Seal
Table 67: WP-Lip Designs

Resilience
Figure 28: Bashore Resilience Testing
Glossary: Resilience

Reverse Channel Case
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
    Figure 54: Reverse Channel Case
    Glossary: Case

RHEOMETERS
    Glossary: Rheometer
  Moving Die Rheometer (MDR)
    Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Rheometers
      Figure 45: Moving Die Rheometer
  Oscillating Disk Rheometer (ODR)
    Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Rheometers
      Table 17: ODR-Plotted Cure Curve

Rotating Bore Seals
Figures 83 & 84: Rotating Bore Seals
Glossary: Bore

Roughness Average (Ra)
  Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finish Specifications
    Figure 111: Roughness Average
    Figure 112: Varying Finishes, Same Ra
    Table 34: RMA Surface Texture Recommendations

Rough Trim (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 168: Unwanted Irregularities from Rough Trim
Glossary: Rough Trim

Rpm
  Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finish Specifications
    Abbreviation: Rpm
    Figure 114: Rpm - Average Peak-To-Mean Height
    Table 34: RMA Surface Texture Recommendations

Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA)

R Value
Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Spring
Glossary: R Value

Rz
  Designing: The Shaft: Surface Finish Specifications
    Abbreviation: Rz
    Figure 113: Rz - Average Peak-To-Valley Height
    Table 34: RMA Surface Texture Recommendations

Saturation
Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Hydrogenated Nitrile

Scoop Trim (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 169: Concave Surface from Scoop Trim
Glossary: Scoop Trim

Scorch Time
Selecting Material: Batch Testing: Determining Cure Times
Glossary: Scorching

Scratched/Nicked Shaft (Usage Defect)
  Figure 294: Scratched/Nicked Shaft Can Cause Loss of...
  Glossary: Scratch
  Glossary: Shaft

Scratches (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 170: Surface Blemishes or Scratches
Glossary: Scratch

Sealant Contamination (Usage Defect)
Figure 250: Sealant Contamination Can Impede Proper...

Secondary Lip
Glossary: Secondary Lip

Shelf Life (See Aging & Shelf Life)

Shock Absorber Seals
Figure 226: All Rubber Shock Absorber Seal
Figure 227: Shock Absorber Seal & Check Valve

Shotgun Case
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
    Figure 55: Shotgun Case (Case Configurations)
    Glossary: Case

Shrinkage
Selecting Material: Chemical Properties: Volume Change

Silicone
Figure 39: Molecular Structure of Silicone

S-Lip Designs
Table 28: S-Lip Designs

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
Selecting Material: Understanding ASTM D 2000/SAE J200

Specifications
Selecting Material: Understanding ASTM D 2000/SAE J200

Spiral Seal
Designing: Non-Standard Designs: Hydrodynamic Seals
Figure 70: Uni-directional Spiral Seal

Spiral Trim (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 171: Deep Spiral Trim Causes Spiral Pattern on...
Glossary: Spiral Trim

Spring
  Figure 50: Spring Dimensions
  Glossary: Garter Spring
  Table 19: Loss of Radial Load Due to Chemical Exposure
  Table 20: Wire Diameter Tolerances
  Table 21: Assembled Inner Diameter (AID) Tolerances
  Table 22: Spring Load vs. Deflection

Springback
    Glossary: Springback
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
    Figure 63: Springback - Seal Unseating Due to Shearing...
  Installation: Installation: Use of Installation Equipment
    Figure 186: Springback - Seal Unseating Due to...

STANDARD DESIGNS
  K-Lip Designs
    Table 31: K-Lip Designs
  S-Lip Designs
    Table 28: S-Lip Designs
  T-Lip Designs
    Table 29: T-Lip Designs
  V-Lip Designs
    Table 30: V-Lip Designs

Stepped Case
  Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Case
    Figure 53: Stepped Case (Case Configurations)
    Glossary: Case

Stick-Slip (Usage Defect)
Figure 252: Stick-Slip - Alternating Adhesion & Slipperiness
Glossary: Stick-Slip

Straight Bore
  Designing: The Bore: Type
    Figures 139 & 140: Straight Bores
    Glossary: Bore

Suffix Letters/Numbers
Selecting Material: Understanding ASTM D 2000/SAE J200
Table 14: The Meaning of Suffix Letters

Surface Contamination (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 172: Unwanted Material from Contamination
Glossary: Surface Contamination

Swell
Selecting Material: Chemical Properties: Volume Change
Figure 31: Impaired Sealing Due to Swell

Taber Abrader
Selecting Material: Physical Properties: Abrasion Resistance
Figure 25: Taber Abrader with Rotating Samples

Tear Resistance
  Figure 21: Tear Initiation - Unnicked 90° Angle
  Figure 22: Tear Propagation - Slit ("Trouser") Specimen
  Glossary: Tear Resistance

Tears (Manufacturing Defect)
Figure 173: Separation or Pulling Away Due to Tears
Glossary: Tear

TR-10 (Temperature Retraction Test)
Selecting Material: Thermal Properties: Low Temp Testing
Figure 33: Temperature Retraction, or "TR-10"

TEMPERATURES
  Effects on Seal Performance
    (See also Environment (Effects on Seal Performance))
  High
  Low
    Figure 33: Low Temperature Testing - TR-10
  Material Ranges
    Table 9: Base Polymer Properties Summary...
  Storage
    Selecting Material: Aging & Shelf Life: Temperature

Tensile Strength
  Figure 19: Molded Dumbbell Tensile Specimen
  Figure 20: Tensile Tester Stretching A Sample
  Glossary: Tensile Strength

Testing (Batch) (See Batch Testing)

Test Reports
  Figure 43: Our Blue M oven & specialized test fixtures...
  Figure 44: Our heating block provides us with precise...
  Table 15: Sample Suffix & Grade Requirements
  Table 16: ASTM Reference Fuels

Tetrafluoroethylene
Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Polytetrafluoroethylene
Figures 40-42: Four Fluorines

THERMAL PROPERTIES
  Differential Thermal Expansion
    Figure 34: Differential Thermal Expansion
    Glossary: Differential Thermal Expansion
  High Temperature Effects
  Low Temperature Effects
    Figure 33: Low Temperature Testing - TR-10

T-Lip Designs
Table 29: T-Lip Designs

Tolerances (Shaft)
Glossary: Shaft
Table 41: Shaft Tolerance Guidelines

Transfer Molding
Manufacturing: How a Shaft Seal Is Made: Molding

Transmission Seals
Figures 206 & 207: Input Seals
Figures 208 & 209: Output Seals

Triple Lip (Mud) Seals
Figures 81 & 82: Triple Lip Seals

Type (Material)
Selecting Material: Understanding ASTM D 2000/SAE J200
Table 11: Basic Requirements for Establishing Type...

Unbonded Flash (Manufacturing Defect)
  Figure 174: Unbonded Flash from Improper Bonding
  Glossary: Bond
  Glossary: Flash

Unitized Seals
    Glossary: Unitized Seal
  Introduction: A Shaft Seal Primer
    Figure 6: Unitized Seal (Evolution)
  Designing: Non-Standard Designs: Unitized (Cassette) Seals
    Figures 78-80: Unitized Seals

Valence
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Atoms
Table 1: Atomic Elements Most Commonly Used...

Value-Added Seals
Introduction: A Shaft Seal Primer
Figure 8: Value-Added Seal

Valve Stem Seals
Figure 204: Valve Stem Seal Lip Radius Meters Lubrication
Figure 205: Valve Stem in Assembly

Van der Waals Forces
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Polymers

Video Imaging
Figure 151: Video Imaging System - Opti-Flex 4000 Series
Figure 152: Annotated Image - Opti-Flex 4000 Series

Visco-Elasticity
Figure 15: Visco-Elasticity - A spring-dashpot combination...

Viscometer
Glossary: Viscometer

Viscosity Classification System
  Performance: Effects of Environment: Lubrication
    Glossary: Viscosity
    Table 61: ISO Viscosity Classification System

Viscous Phase (of an Elastomer)
  Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Visco-Elasticity
    Glossary: Elastomer
    Glossary: Viscosity

VITON® (BRAND OF FLUOROELASTOMER)
    Table 7: Comparison of Standard Fluoroelastomers...
    Table 8: Comparison of Low-Temp Flexibility & Fuel Swell...
  Viton A
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton B
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton F
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton GF
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton GFLT
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer
  Viton GLT
    Selecting Material: Material Profiles: Fluoroelastomer

V-Lip Designs
Table 30: V-Lip Designs

Volume Change
Figure 31: Impaired Sealing Due to Swell

V-Rings
  Figures 100 & 101: V-Ring Styles
  Figures 102 & 103: V-Ring Advantages
  Figures 104 & 105: V-Ring Functions

Vulcanization (Cure)
Figure 14: Effect Of Vulcanization - A 3-D Elastic Structure
Glossary: Vulcanization

Washing Machine Seals
Figures 196 & 197: Normal vs. Tub Seal Design
Figures 198 & 199: Washing Machine Seals

Water
Selecting Material: Back to Basics: Molecules
Figure 11: A Simple Inorganic Compound - Water Molecule

Wheel (Axle) Seals
  Figure 210: Wheel Seal Application
  Figure 211: Non Spring-Loaded, Non-Unitized (Wheel Seals)
  Figure 212: Non Spring-Loaded, Unitized (Wheel Seals)
  Figure 213: Spring-Loaded, Unitized (Wheel Seals)
  Figure 214: Hub Unit Seal
  Figure 215: Wheel Hub Assembly - Non-Driven Axle
  Figure 216: Wheel Hub Assembly - Driven Axle
  Figure 217: Metal O.D., Metal & Rubber I.D. (Wheel Seals)
  Figure 218: Rubber I.D. & O.D. (Wheel Seals)

Wire Diameter Tolerances
Designing: Anatomy of a Shaft Seal: The Spring
Table 20: Wire Diameter Tolerances

WP-Lip Designs
Sample Applications: Industrial: Reciprocating (Wiper) Seals
Table 67: WP-Lip Designs

Z Suffix
Selecting Material: Anatomy of a Test Report

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